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Holism
The view that wholes are more real than their parts, and that the properties of a system cannot be reduced to the properties of its components.
Ontology
The branch of metaphysics that studies being or existence, asking "What is there?" and categorizing the fundamental types of entities.
Quine-Duhem Thesis
The idea that it is impossible to test a scientific hypothesis in isolation, because an empirical test requires background assumptions (auxiliary hypotheses). If the test fails, we don't know if the m...
Quotation (Use-Mention Distinction)
A linguistic device used to mention a word or phrase rather than use it. The distinction is crucial in logic to avoid paradoxes. For example, "Chicago" has seven letters (mention), but Chicago is a ci...
X (The Bound Variable)
In modern ontology (Quine), the letter 'x' represents the variable of quantification. To determine the ontological commitment of a theory, one must look at the values that the variable 'x' must take f...