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Cause

That which produces an effect or brings about a change. Aristotle distinguished four types of causes: material, formal, efficient, and final.

Hume's Fork

Hume's division of all objects of human inquiry into two categories: "Relations of Ideas" (analytic, a priori, certain, e.g., math) and "Matters of Fact" (synthetic, a posteriori, probable, e.g., phys...

Impression

In the philosophy of David Hume, the immediate and vivid data of sensory experience (sensations, passions, and emotions) from which all our ideas are derived.

Induction (Problem of)

The process of reasoning from specific observations to general conclusions. Hume argued there is no rational justification for induction (that the future will resemble the past), as it relies on circu...

Matter of Fact

In Hume's fork, propositions that depend on experience and the state of the world (a posteriori). Their contrary is always possible (e.g., "The sun will rise tomorrow" is a matter of fact, not a logic...

Miracle

Defined by Hume as "a violation of the laws of nature." Hume argued that because our experience of natural laws is uniform, the evidence against a miracle is always stronger than the testimony for it.