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"I", The (Transcendental Ego)
In Kant and Husserl, the "I" is not an empirical object (like the body or personality) but the subject of consciousness that accompanies all representations. It is the formal condition for the unity o...
A Posteriori
(Latin) From the later; knowledge or justification that is dependent on experience or empirical evidence (e.g., "It is raining outside").
Analytic-Synthetic Distinction
Kant’s distinction between propositions true by definition (analytic, e.g., "All bodies are extended") and propositions that add new information (synthetic, e.g., "All bodies are heavy").
Antinomy
A contradiction between two principles or conclusions that seem equally necessary and reasonable; famously used by Kant to describe conflicts of pure reason.
Kantianism (Critical Philosophy)
The philosophy of Immanuel Kant, emphasizing that the human mind structures experience through categories (space, time, causality) and that morality is grounded in rational duty (Categorical Imperativ...
Noumenon (Ding an sich)
In Kant, a thing as it is in itself, independent of human sensibility. It is the intelligible object, opposed to the Phenomenon (the sensible object). It marks the limit of human knowledge; we can thi...
Phenomenon
In Kant, things as they appear to us through the filters of space, time, and categories, as opposed to Noumena (Things-in-themselves). We can only know phenomena.
Reason
The mental faculty of uniquely human intelligence that allows for logical thinking, judgment, and the derivation of conclusions from premises. It is often distinguished from feeling and intuition.
Synthetic A Priori
Propositions that are informative (synthetic) yet known independently of experience (a priori). Kant argued that math and metaphysics fall into this category, making objective knowledge possible.
Thing-in-Itself (Ding an sich)
Kant's concept of an object as it exists independently of human perception or experience (Noumenon). It is unknowable to us because we only know things as they appear to our senses (Phenomena).
Transcendental
In Kant, relating not to objects themselves, but to our mode of cognition of objects, insofar as this mode of cognition is possible a priori. It concerns the conditions of possibility for experience.
Transcendental Idealism
Kant's theory that we only know appearances (phenomena) and not things as they are in themselves (noumena), because our mind structures our experience through time, space, and categories.
Understanding (Verstand)
In Kant's philosophy, the faculty of the mind that organizes sensory data using a priori categories (such as causality and substance) to produce objective knowledge of phenomena.